ABSTRACT
Oxcarbazepine has low solubility and low oral bioavailability, so it’s a challenge to formulate suitable dosage form. In this present investigation, to improve the dissolution rate and solubility, skimmed milk is used as a carrier. Physical mixers were prepared using various drugs to carrier ratio and spray drying technology was used to develop solid dispersion with the carrier. Various techniques were used to characterize the solid dispersion immediately after they were made which includes differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and in-vitro dissolution profiles. The differential scanning calorimetry thermograms of raw drug indicated of its anhydrous crystalline nature. In thermograms of solid dispersion, the characteristic peak was absent suggesting the change from crystalline nature to amorphous form. X-ray diffraction confirmed those results. X-ray diffraction results of raw drug showed highly intense peak characteristic of its crystalline nature where solid dispersion showed less intense, more diffused peak indicating the change in crystalline form. Fourier transforms infra-red spectroscopy studies showed there was no interaction between drug and carrier. Scanning electron microscopy support the amorphous nature of mixer. The whole formulation showed distinct enhancement in the drug release behavior and solubility. The optimum oxcarbazepine to skimmed milk ratio 1:3 enhances the in-vitro drug release by 3.5 fold and also show distinct increase in solubility. It was concluded that for improvement of solubility of poorly water soluble oxcarbazepine, skimmed milk powder as a carrier can be utilize very well.
ABSTRACT
Background: Treatment for congenital chylothorax is based on adequate drainage of the pleural fluid and total parenteral nutrition followed by re-establishment of feeds using medium-chain-triglycerides based milk formulas which are expensive and not easily available. Case characteristics: Two newborns (one term and one preterm) with congenital chylothorax. Intervention: Skimmed milk preparation for enteral nutrition to provide high protein and low fat diet. Outcome: Successful resolution of chylothorax. Message: Skimmed milk preparation may be used for enteral nutrition of babies with congenital chylothorax where other feeding alternatives or commercial formulas are either not successful or are not available.
ABSTRACT
A protocol for the bacteriophage amplification technique was developed for quantitative detection of viable Listeria monocytogenes cells using the A511 listeriophage with plaque formation as the end-point assay. Laser and toluidine blue O (TBO) were employed as selective virucidal treatment for destruction of exogenous bacteriophage. Laser and TBO can bring a total reduction in titer phage (ca. 10(8) pfu/mL) without affecting the viability of L. monocytogenes cells. Artificially inoculated skimmed milk revealed mean populations of the bacteria as low as between 13 cfu/mL (1.11 log cfu/mL), after a 10-h assay duration. Virucidal laser treatment demonstrated better protection of Listeria cells than the other agents previously tested. The protocol was faster and easier to perform than standard procedures. This protocol constitutes an alternative for rapid, sensitive and quantitative detection of L. monocytogenes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Bacteriophages/isolation & purification , Milk/microbiology , Listeria monocytogenes/isolation & purification , Microbial Viability , Culture Media/isolation & purification , Food Samples , MethodsABSTRACT
The influence of various physiochemical parameters on the growth of Lactococcus lactis sub sp. lactis MTCC 440 was studied at shake flask level for 20 h. Media optimization (MRS broth) was studied to achieve enhanced growth of the organism and also nisin production. Bioassay of nisin was done with agar diffusion method using Streptococcus agalactae NCIM 2401 as indicator strain. MRS broth (6 percent, w/v) with 0.15ìg/ml of nisin supplemented with 0.5 percent (v/v) skimmed milk was found to be the best for nisin production as well as for growth of L lactis. The production of nisin was strongly influenced by the presence of skimmed milk and nisin in MRS broth. The production of nisin was affected by the physical parameters and maximum nisin production was at 30(0)C while the optimal temperature for biomass production was 37(0)C.
ABSTRACT
O peptideo antimicrobiano retratado neste trabalho é a nisina, produzido pela bacteria Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, urn peptideo estruturalmente composto por 34 aminoácidos, mostra urn vasto espectro de atividade inibitória em microrganismos Gram-positivos, Gram-negatios e esporo formadores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir a nisina a partir de células de Lactococcus lactis utilizando soro de leite e leite desnatado como meio de cultivo. Para tanto as células de L. lactis foram desenvolvidas em agitador rotacional (30°C/36 h/100 rpm) e a atividade de nisina, os parâmetros de crescimento e os componentes do meio de cultivo foram analisados. Em leite desnatado, contendo 2,27 g de sólidos totais, a atividade de nisina foi 20077,05 AU.mLˉ¹ sendo 3 vezes maior em relação ao leite desnatado corn 4,54 g sólidos totais, 8739,77 AU.nnLˉ¹ ; e foi 73 vezes major em relacão ao leite desnatado corn 1,14 g sólidos totais, 273,21 AU.mLˉ¹ . 0 soro de leite utilizado foi doado por uma inc:Istria de lacticínios, em laboratório parte do soro foi tratada de duas formas: (i) filtrado e (ii) esterilizado, e ambos foram utilizados para cultivo das células produtoras de nisina em agitador rotacional 30°C/36 h/100 rpm. Os resultados mostraram que o meio de cultivo composto por soro de leite não filtrado forneceu uma adaptação ao L. lactis, sendo a concentração de nisina obtida 1628 vezes maior que do soro de leite filtrado, 11120,13 e 6,83 mg.Lˉ¹ respectivamente. Em relação atividade de nisina contra Gram-negativos, aumentou-se o efeito bactericida quando adicionada ao EDTA. O comportamento da nisina no sistema micelar de duas fases aquosas foi investigado experimentalmente, demonstrando que a biomolécula alvo pode ser extraída tanto do meio fermentado complexo quanto das impurezas presentes na nisina comercial. Nos testes corn o sistema micelar de duas fases aquosas, a nisina particionou, preferencialmente, para a fase rica em micelas...
Nisin is a natural antimicrobial peptide used as food preservative produced by Lactococcus lactis, that inhibits the outgrowth of spores, the growth of a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Applications of this bacteriocin include dental care products pharmaceutical products such as stomach ulcers and colon infection treatment and potencial birth control. This study aims to evaluate growth conditions for L. lactis as well as the effect in nisin production when utilizing milk whey and skimmed milk. Lactococcus lactis ATCC 11454 was developed in a rotatory shaker (30°C/36 h/100 rpm) in diluted skimmed milk and nisin expression, growth parameters and media components were also studied. Nisin expression in skimmed milk 2.27 g total solids (20077.05 AU.mLˉ¹ ) was up to 3-fold higher than transfers in skimmed milk 4.54 g total solids (8739.77 AU.mLˉ¹ ) and was up to 85-fold higher than transfers in skimmed milk 1.14 g total solids (273.21 AU.mLˉ¹ ). Milk whey, a byproduct from dairy industries, was utilized in two different ways (i) without filtration, autoclaved at 121°C for 30 min and (ii) filtrated (1.20 pm and 0.22 vim membrane filter), L. lactis was developed in a rotary shaker (30°C/36 h/100 rpm) and these cultures were transferred five times using 5 mL aliquots of broth culture for each new volume of the respective media. The results showed that culture media composed by milk whey without filtration was better for L. lactis in its adaptation than milk whey without filtration. Nisin titers, in milk whey without filtration, was 11120.13 mg.Lˉ¹ in 2nd transfer, and up to 1628-fold higher than the filtrated milk whey, 6.83 mg.Lˉ¹ in 1 St transfer. Nisin activity was assayed by the agar diffusion method using Lactobacillus sakei ATCC 15521 and a recombinant Escherichia coli DH5a expressing the recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFPuv) as the nisin-susceptible test organisms. Combining EDTA with nisin increased the bactericidal effect of...